Triclosan antimicrobial activity against dental-caries-related bacteria

Triclosan (TCS) is a chlorinated diphenyl ether and a possible active agent against microorganisms. Due to its probability of reducing dental plaque accumulation, TCS can be added as a substance for oral hygiene. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and antimicrobial capacity of TCS against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans. Methods: This work evaluates the percentage of bacteria inhibition of P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and S. mutans (ATCC 25175). TCS concentrations between 2 and 128 µg.mL-1 were tested. Results: An inhibitory potential of TCS was found against S. mutans. No percentage of inhibition was detected against P. aeruginosa (technical and biological triplicate). Conclusion: TCS, an antimicrobial agent used in dentifrices, can reduce S. mutans levels therefore these dentifrices should be indicated for patients with a high risk of caries. However, further study is needed, including antimicrobial analyses against other microbial conditions

Potencial antimicrobiano de los enjuagues bucales para niños / Potencial antimicrobiano dos enxaguantes bucais para crianças / Antimicrobial potential of child mouthwashes

Objetivo: Poco se sabe del potencial antimicrobiano de los enjuagues bucales sobre la bacteria Streptococcus mutans. El objetivo de este estudio in vitro fue investigar los efectos antimicrobianos de los enjuagues bucales para niños contra esas bacterias. Materiales y Métodos: Se utilizó la cepa de S. mutans para realizar zonas de inhibición mediante prueba de difusión en agar. Las placas de agar Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) se dividieron en cuadrantes: G1 - cloruro de cetilpiridinio (Cepacol Teen®); G2 - xilitol y triclosán (Dentalclean Garfield®); G3: Malva sylvestris, xilitol (Malvatrikids Jr®) y G4: solución de tampón fosfato salino (PBS). Después del ajuste de las bacterias, se sembró una alícuota de cada grupo en el agar BHI y se transfirió a una atmósfera a 37ºC durante 48 horas para realizar las mediciones de las zonas de inhibición. Los datos se analizaron mediante ANOVA de un factor para la comparación entre grupos (α = 0,05). Resultados: Se verificaron zonas de inhibición solo para G1 (10,82 ± 2,13) ​​y G3 (12,75 ± 1,04). No se verificó diferencia estadística significativa entre G1 y G3 (p = 0,287) y G2 y G4 (p ≥ 0,05). Conclusión: A pesar de los efectos beneficiosos de los enjuagues bucales, una combinación de xilitol y triclosán no fue eficaz para controlar el crecimiento de S. mutans en esta condición in vitro. Se deben implementar restricciones adicionales para regular la venta de sustancias antimicrobianas y proporcionar aclaraciones adicionales a la población.

Introdução: Pouco se sabe sobre o potencial antimicrobiano dos enxaguantes bucais em relação à bacteria Sreptococcus mutans. O objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi investigar o efeito antimicrobiano de enxaguatórios bucais infantis contra essa bactéria. Materiais e métodos: Este estudo in vitro utilizou a cepa de Streptococcus mutans para gerar zonas de inibição por meio do teste de difusão em ágar. As placas de ágar BHI foram divididas em quatro quadrantes, seguindo os grupos: G1- Cloreto de Cetilperidíneo (Cepacol Teen®); G2- xilitol e triclosan (Dentalclean Garfield®); G3- Malva silvestres e xilitol (Malvatrikids Jr®) e G4- solução salina tamponada com fosfato. Após o ajuste das bactérias, uma alíquota de cada grupo foi semeada no ágar BHI e transferida para uma atmosfera a 37ºC por 48 horas, para medir as zonas de inibição. Os dados foram analisados, utilizando ANOVA one-way, para comparação intergrupos (α = 0.05). Resultado: As zonas de inibição foram verificadas em G1(10.82±2.13) e G3(12.75 ±1.04), com ausência de zonas de inibição para outros grupos estudados. Não foi verificada diferença estatisticamente significante entre G1 e G3 (p=0,287) e G2 e G4 (p≥0.05). Conclução Apesar dos efeitos benéficos dos enxaguantes bucais, uma combinação de xilitol e triclosan não foi eficaz no controle do crescimento de S. mutans nessa condição in vitro.

Introduction: Little is known about the antimicrobial potential of mouthwashes in Streptococcus mutans bacteria. The objective of this in vitro study was to investigate the antimicrobial effects of infant mouthwashes against those bacteria. Materials and methods: This in vitro study used S. mutans strain to perform inhibition zones by agar diffusion test. Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) agar dishes were divided into quadrants: G1 ­ cetylperidinium chloride (Cepacol Teen®); G2 ­ xylitol and triclosan (Dentalclean Garfield®); G3 ­ Malva sylvestris, xylitol (Malvatrikids Jr®) and G4 - phosphate buffer saline (PBS). After adjustment of bacteria, an aliquot of each group was plated on the BHI agar and transferred to an atmosphere at 37ºC for 48 hours to perform the inhibition zones measurements. The data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA for intergroup comparison (α = 0.05). Results: Inhibition zones were verified only to G1 (10.82 ± 2.13) and G3 (12.75 ± 1.04). No significant statistical difference was verified between G1 and G3 (p = 0.287) and G2 and G4 (p ≥ 0.05). Conclusion: Despite of the beneficial effects of mouthwashes, a combination of xylitol and triclosan was not effective to control S. mutans growth in this in vitro condition.

Mechanism of Triclosan in the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Based on Network Pharmacology / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To explore the potential targets of triclosan in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) and to provide new clues for the future research on the application of triclosan. Methods The targets of triclosan and NAFLD were obtained via network pharmacology.The protein-protein interaction network was constructed with the common targets shared by triclosan and NAFLD.The affinity of triclosan to targets was verified through molecular docking.Gene ontology(GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) pathway enrichment were carried out to analyze the key targets and the potential mechanism of action.NAFLD model was established by feeding male C57BL/6J mice with high-fat diet for 12 weeks.The mice were randomly assigned into a model group and a triclosan group [400 mg/(kg·d),gavage once a day for 8 weeks].The hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining was used for observation of the pathological changes and oil red O staining for observation of fat deposition in mouse liver.Western blotting was employed to detect the protein level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha(PPARα) in the liver tissue. Results Triclosan and NAFLD had 34 common targets,19 of which may be the potential targets for the treatment,including albumin(ALB),PPARα,mitogen-activated protein kinase 8(MAPK8),and fatty acid synthase.Molecular docking predicted that ALB,PPARα,and MAPK8 had good binding ability to triclosan.KEGG pathway enrichment showcased that the targets were mainly enriched in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway,in which ALB and MAPK8 were not involved.Triclosan alleviated the balloon-like change and lipid droplet vacuole,decreased the lipid droplet area,and up-regulated the expression level of PPARα in mouse liver tissue. Conclusion PPARα is a key target of triclosan in the treatment of NAFLD,which may be involved in fatty acid oxidation through the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway.

Tolerancia al triclosán en cepas de Klebsiella pneumoniae y Escherichia coli de origen clínico / Triclosan tolerance in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli strains of clinical origin / Tolerância a Triclosan em cepas de Klebsiella pneumoniae e Escherichia coli de origem clínica

Introducción: Los biocidas son compuestos químicos que se emplean comúnmente para inhibir o eliminar el crecimiento microbiano. El triclosán es un agente biocida que afecta la estructura y función microbiana. Es am-pliamente utilizando como desinfectante y antiséptico en suturas quirúrgicas, exfoliantes, implantes y dispositivos médicos, pero se ha observado el desarrollo de múltiples mecanismos de tolerancia bacteriana a este agente. Objetivo: Determinar la tolerancia al triclosán en cepas de Escherichia coli y Klebsiella pneumoniae. Materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, de tipo observacional, a partir de cepas de origen clínico que presentaran algunos genotipos de resistencia a los antibióticos como blaTEM, blaCTXM1 y blaSHV. Se determinó la concentración mínima inhibitoria (C1, C2, C3, C4 y C5) al triclosán. Resultados: De los 32 aislamientos recuperados, 17 fueron de E. coli y 15 de K. pneumoniae. Se evidenció que el 25 % de los aislamientos evaluados presentó tolerancia a concentraciones más bajas C1 (0,00025 %) de triclosán y que el 12 % fue tolerante a la concentración más alta C1 (1 %). Adicionalmente, un mayor número de cepas de E. coli presentó mayor tolerancia al triclosán que las cepas de K. pneumoniae. Así mismo, se evidenció que la mayoría de las cepas fueron tolerantes a las concentraciones evaluadas más bajas. Conclusiones: El 37 % de los aislados presentaron tolerancia al triclosán, con predominio de la E. coli. Palabras clave: triclosán; tolerancia; bacterias; gramnegativas

Introduction: Biocides are chemical compounds that are commonly used to inhibit or eliminate mi-crobial growth. Triclosan is a biocidal agent that affects microbial structure and function. It is widely used as a disinfectant and antiseptic in surgical sutures, exfoliants, implants and medical devices. The development of multiple mechanisms of bacterial tolerance to this agent has been observed. Target. To determine the tolerance to triclosan in strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Materials and methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, observational study was carried out using strains of clinical origin, which presented some genotypes of resistance to antibiotics such as blaTEM, blaCTXM1, and blaSHV. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5) to triclosan was determined. Results: Of the 32 isolates recovered, 17 were E. coli and 15 were K. pneumoniae. It was evidenced that 25% of the evaluated isolates presented tolerance to lower concentrations C1 (0.00025%) of triclosan and 12% were tolerant to the highest concentration C1 (1%). Additionally, a greater number of E. coli strains presented greater tolerance to triclosan than the K. pneumoniae strains, likewise, it was evidenced that most of the strains were tolerant to the lowest concentrations evaluated.

Introdução: Os biocidas são compostos químicos comumente usados para inibir ou eliminar o cres-cimento microbiano. O Triclosan é um agente biocida que afeta a estrutura e função microbiana. É amplamente utilizado como desinfetante e anti-séptico em suturas cirúrgicas, esfoliantes, implantes e dispositivos médicos, mas foram observados múltiplos mecanismos de tolerância bacteriana a este agente. Objetivo: Determinar a tolerância ao Triclosan nas cepas Escherichia coli e Klebsiella pneumoniae. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, transversal, observacional, em cepas de origem clínica com alguns genótipos de resistência a antibióticos como blaTEM, blaCTXM1 e blaSHV. A concentração inibitória mínima (C1, C2, C3, C4 e C5) de Triclosan foi determinada. Resultado: Dos 32 isolados recuperados, 17 eram E. coli e 15 eram K. pneumoniae. Verificou-se que 25% dos isolados testados eram tolerantes a menores concentrações de C1 (0,00025%) de Triclosan e 12% eram tolerantes à maior concentração C1 (1%). Além disso, um maior número de cepas de E. coli foram tolerantes a Triclosan, do que às cepas de K. pneumoniae. Foi também evidente que a maioria das cepas foi tolerante às menores concentrações testadas

Perfil de tolerancia al triclosán y detección de los genes MexA, MexC, AcrB y oqxA relacionados con la expresión de bombas de expulsión en aislados clínicos del género Enterobacter aerogenes y Enterobacter cloacae / Triclosan tolerance profile and detection of MexA, MexC, AcrB and oqxA genes related to the expression of expulsion pumps in clinical isolates of Enterobacter aero- genes and Enterobacter cloacae / Perfil de tolerância ao triclosan e detecção dos genes mexA, mexC, acrB e oqxA relacionados à expressão de bombas de expulsão em isolados clínicos do gênero Enterobacter aerogenes e Enterobacter cloacae

Introducción. La resistencia a los antimicrobianos y la tolerancia a biocidas está dada por mecanismos comunes, generados por su uso en diferentes ambientes; mecanismos como la expresión de bombas de expulsión presentes en bacterias del género Enterobacter circulantes amenaza la eficacia de los antimicrobianos limitando las opciones de terapia antibiótica. Objetivos: Determinar el perfil de tolerancia al triclosán y detección de genes asociados a bombas de expulsión en aislados clínicos de Enterobacter aerogenes y Enterobacter cloacae. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y de corte transversal, se determinaron perfiles de tolerancia al triclosán por microdilución, de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana, confirmación fenotípica de mecanismos de resistencia, por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa, se identificó la presencia de genes que codifican para bombas de expulsión. Resultados: El 17% correspondió a Enterobacter cloacae y el 6% Enterobacter aerogenes. El 93,7% de los aislados clínicos del género Enterobacter presentó el fenotipo de resistencia BLEE y AmpC. En el 81,3% de los aislamientos se obtuvo la presencia de al menos un gen relacionado con las expresión de bombas de expulsión, siendo frecuentes MexC y AcrB; no identificó presencia del gen oqxA. Conclusiones: La resistencia a diferentes grupos de antibióticos se identifica en especies de Enterobacter circulante, así la presencia de enzimas BLEE y AmpC, la presencia de genes relacionados con bombas de expulsión y la alta tolerancia al triclosán. Palabras clave: Triclosán, Resistencia, Bombas de expulsión, Genes, Biocida

Introduction. Antimicrobial resistance and tolerance to biocides is given by common mechanisms, generated by the use of antimicrobial and biocidal substances in different environments, these me- chanisms such as the expression of expulsion pumps present in bacteria of the Enterobacter genus circulating threatens the efficacy of antimicrobials by limiting antibiotic therapy options. Objective: to determine the triclosan tolerance profile and detection of genes associated with expul- sion pumps in clinical isolates of Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae. Materials and Methods: An observational, descriptive and the cross-sectional study was performed, triclosan tolerance profiles were determined by microdilution, antimicrobial susceptibility, phenotypic confirmation of resistance mechanisms, by the presence of polymerase chain reaction, the presence of genes that code for expulsion pumps. Results: The 17% corresponded to Enterobacter cloacae and 6% Enterobacter aerogenes. 93.7% of the clinical isolates of the genus Enterobacter presented the ESBL and AmpC resistance phenotype. In 81.3% of the isolates, the presence of at least one gene related to the expression of ejection pumps was obtained, with MexC and AcrB being frequent; did not identify the presence of the oqxA gene. conclusions: The resistance to different groups of antibiotics is identified in circulating Enterobacter species, as well as the presence of ESBL and AmpC enzymes, the presence of genes related to ejection pumps, and high tolerance to triclosan.

Introdução.A resistência antimicrobiana e a tolerância a biocidas esta dada pelos mecanismos comuns gerados pelo uso em diferentes ambientes; mecanismos como a expressão de bombas de expulsão presentes em bactérias do gênero Enterobacter circulantes ameaza a eficácia das antimicrobiana limitando as opções de terapia antibiótica. Objetivos: Determinar o perfil de tolerância ao triclosan e detecção dos genes asociados a bombas de expulsão em isolados clínicos Enterobacter aerogenes e Enterobacter cloacae. Materiais e Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo observacional, descritivo e de corte transversal, deter- minaram-se perfiles de tolerância ao triclosan por microdiluição, de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana, confirmação de mecanismos de resistência fenotípica por reação em cadeia da polimerase, identifi- cou-se a presença de genes que codificam para bombas de expulsão. Resultados: 17% correspondeu ao Enterobacter cloacae e 6% ao Enterobacter aerogenes. 93,7% em isolados clínicos do gênero Enterobacter presentou o fenótipo de resistência BLEE e AmpC. No 81% dos isolamentos se obteve a presença de pelo menos um gen relacionado à expressão de bombas de expulsão, sindo frequentes mexC e acrB; não se identificou a presença do gen oqxA. Conclusões: A resistência de diferentes grupos de antibióticos se identificou em espécies de Entero- bacter circulante, assim a presença de enzimas BLEE e AmpC, a presença de genes relacionados com bombas de expulsão e a alta tolerância ao triclosan.

Effect of using triclosan-impregnated polyglactin suture to prevent infection of saphenectomy wounds in cabg: a prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical trial

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of triclosan-coated suture for the reduction of infection in saphenectomy wounds of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Methods: A total of 508 patients who underwent saphenectomy in CABG surgery were included in a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial from February/2011 to June/2014. Patients were randomized into the triclosan-coated suture group (n= 251) and the conventional non-antibiotic suture group (n=257). Demographic (gender and age), clinical (body mass index, diabetes, and use of analgesics), and intraoperative (cardiopulmonary bypass and cross-clamp times) variables and those related to the saphenectomy wound (pain, dehiscence, erythema, infection, necrosis, and hyperthermia) were measured and analyzed. Results: Of the 508 patients who underwent saphenectomy, 69.9% were males and 40.2% were diabetic. Thirty-three (6.5%) patients presented infection: 13 (5.3%) with triclosan and 20 (7.9%) with conventional suture (P=0.281). Among diabetic patients (n=204), triclosan suture was used in 45.1% with four cases of infection; conventional suture was used in 54.9% of them, with 11 cases of infection. Most patients (94.3%) underwent on-pump CABG. Wound pain was observed in 9.9% of patients with triclosan-coated suture and in 17.9% with conventional suture (P=0.011). Wound hyperthermia was found in 1.6% of patients with triclosan-coated suture and in 5.4% of those with conventional suture (P=0.028). Conclusion: Triclosan-coated suture shows lower infection rate in saphenectomy of patients undergoing CABG, although the differences were not statistically significant. Pain and wound hyperthermia were less frequent in patients with triclosan-coated sutures compared with conventional sutures.

Evaluation of triclosan toxic effects on the methanogenic activity

BACKGROUND: Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial agent widely used in health care and consumer products. This compound is present in sludge of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and because of its bactericidal characteristics, it can inhibit the methanogenic activity in anaerobic digestion (AD) technology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxic effects of TCS on the methanogenic activity. RESULTS: Batch anaerobic reactors were used with TCS concentrations of 7.8, 15.7, 23.5, and 31.4 mg/L. These assays consisted in three successive feedings (I, II, and III), wherein the sludge was exposed to each TCS concentration and volatile fatty acid (VFA) substrate. For evaluation of the residual sludge activity during feeding III, only VFA was used. The results showed that the increase in TCS concentrations correlated with the reduction in methane (CH4) production. In this case, the minimum values were achieved for TCS concentration of 31.4 mg/L with CH4 levels between 101.9 and 245.3 during feedings I, II, and III. Regarding the effect of TCS on VFA consumption, an inhibitory effect was detected for TCS concentrations of 23.5 and 31.4 mg/L, with concentrations of acetic, butyric, and propionic acids at the end of the assay (37 d) between 153.6 and 206.8, 62.5 and 60.1, and 93.4 and 110 mg/L, respectively. Regarding the removal of TCS during AD, these values were above 47%. Conclusion: TCS is an inhibitor of methanogenic activity with a decrease between 63 and 70% during the different feedings. The CH4 production was not recovered during feeding III, with inhibition percentages of 21­72%.

Influence of the incorporation of triclosan methacrylate on the physical properties and antibacterial activity of resin composite

Abstract The incorporation of antimicrobials in the composites as an attempt to reduce bacterial adhesion without jeopardizing mechanical properties is a challenge for Dentistry. Objective: To evaluate the bacterial adhesion and physical properties of a composite containing the methacrylate triclosan- derivative monomer (TM). Methodology: TM was synthesized and added to an experimental composite. Samples were divided into two groups: Control and TM (13.4 wt%). Antibacterial Activity: Three specimens of each material were prepared and placed on bacterial suspensions of Streptococcus mutans for 1, 5 and 10 days. After these periods the counting of the colonies (log10) was performed. Assays was performed in triplicate. Physical Properties: Three-body Abrasion (TBA): Ten specimens of each material were prepared and stored at 37°C/24 h. The surface roughness (Ra) and hardness (KHN) were analyzed. Next, the specimens were submitted to abrasive wear (30,000 cycles) and re-evaluated for Ra and KHN; Sorption/solubility (SS): cylindrical specimens (n=10) were prepared and weighted. The specimens were immersed in deionized water for 7 days at 37°C and then their weight was verified again. SS were calculated using accepted formulas; Diametral tensile strength (DTS): specimens (n=10) underwent test performed in an Instron universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Data were submitted to appropriate statistical tests according to data distribution and assay (p<0.05). Results: Bacterial Adhesion: TM showed a significant reduction on biofilm accumulation in the evaluated periods: 1 day (1.537±0.146); 5 days (2.183±0.138) and 10 days (4.469±0.155) when compared with Control: 1 day (4.954±0.249); 5 days (5.498±0.257) and 10 days (6.306±0.287). Physical Properties: For TBA, SS and DTS no significant difference was found between groups Control and TM. The incorporation of methacrylate triclosan-based monomer in the experimental composite reduce bacterial adhesion of S. mutans and did not affect important polymer properties.

Exposure to paraben and triclosan and allergic diseases in Tokyo: A pilot cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported that exposure to paraben (Pb) and triclosan (TCS) is associated with allergies. However, Pb and TCS exposure in the Japanese population is not fully understood. OBJECTIVES: The present study was aimed to examine such exposure among Japanese individuals with allergic diseases. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire survey to evaluate allergic outcomes and the collection of urine samples to examine Pb and TCS exposure. RESULTS: Pb containing daily commodities was used in 84.8% children. Pb use was positively associated with current atopic dermatitis (adjusted odds ratio, 4.61; 95% confidence interval, 1.23–17.3). Urinary Pb concentrations were increased significantly in those with current atopic dermatitis (AD) (median, 4.58 vs. 0; p < 0.0001), and showed an increased tendency in those with current wheeze (median, 3.45 vs. 1.81; p = 0.0535) in participants ≤15 years old. Urinary TCS concentration was under the limit of detection in all children. CONCLUSION: Urinary levels of Pb were associated with current AD in children. We should pay more attention about Pb and TCS.

Relationship between personal care products usage and triclosan exposure: the second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS 2012–2014)

BACKGROUND: We aimed to find the exposure level of triclosan (TCS), a known endocrine disruptor, related to the use of personal care products using a nationally representative data of the general population in Korea. METHODS: This study included data of 6288 adults aged 19 years and older (2692 men, 3596 women), based on the Second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS 2012–2014). The data were divided according to gender. The frequency and proportion of each variable were determined by dividing participants into two groups based on the top 75th percentile concentration of urinary TCS (male: 1.096 μg/g creatinine, female: 1.329 μg/g creatinine). Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using logistic regression analysis for the high TCS exposure and low TCS exposure groups. RESULTS: Overall, the proportion of participants using personal care products was higher in women than in men. There was a significantly higher proportion of participants in the high TCS exposure group with younger age, higher education and income levels and with more frequent use of fragrance products, hair care products, body cleansers, cosmetics, and antimicrobial agents. In both men and women, ORs tended to increase with increased frequency of use of hair care products, body cleansers, and cosmetics before and after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that as the frequency of use of personal care products increases, urine TCS concentration increases. Because TCS is a well-known endocrine disruptor, further studies are needed and explore other health effects with exposure to TCS in general population in Korea. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s40557-019-0283-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Relationship between triclosan exposure and thyroid hormones: the Second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2012–2014)

BACKGROUND: 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol (triclosan) is used as an antiseptic and is a potential endocrine-disrupting chemical that can affect thyroid hormone levels. This study evaluated the relationship between triclosan exposure and thyroid hormones. METHODS: Data from the second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2012–2014) were analyzed. Triclosan exposure was evaluated using urinary triclosan concentrations and classified into 2 groups: ‘below detection (< limit of detection [LOD])’ vs. ‘detected (≥ LOD).’ Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between triclosan exposure and the serum thyroid hormone concentrations, adjusting for age, body mass index, urinary creatinine, and smoking status. RESULTS: When grouped by sex, triclosan exposure was positively associated with the serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations in females with marginal significance (β = 0.066, p = 0.058). However, no significant association was identified between triclosan exposure and serum total triiodothyronine and thyroxine in both males and females, and TSH in males. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first human study to evaluate the relationship between triclosan exposure and serum thyroid hormone concentrations in the Korean population. There was suggestive positive association between triclosan exposure and the serum TSH in females. Further studies need to evaluate the relationship between long-term exposure to low-dose triclosan and thyroid hormones.

Treatment with Phytoestrogens Reversed Triclosan and Bisphenol A-Induced Anti-Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells

Triclosan (TCS) and bisphenol A (BPA) are endocrine-disrupting chemicals that interfere with the hormone or endocrine system and may cause cancer. Kaempferol (Kaem) and 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM) are phytoestrogens that play chemopreventive roles in the inhibition of carcinogenesis and cancer progression. In this study, the influence of TCS, BPA, Kaem, and DIM on proliferation and apoptotic abilities of VM7Luc4E2 breast cancer cells were examined. MTT assay revealed that TCS (0.1–10 μM), BPA (0.1–10 μM) and E2 (0.01–0.0001 μM) induced significant cell proliferation of VM7Luc4E2 cells, which was restored to the control (0.1% DMSO) by co-treatment with Kaem (30 μM) or DIM (15 μM). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production assays showed that TCS and BPA inhibited ROS production of VM7Luc4E2 cells similar to E2, but that co-treatment with Kaem or DIM on VM7Luc4E2 cells induced increased ROS production. Based on these results, the effects of TCS, BPA, Kaem, and DIM on protein expression of apoptosis and ROS production-related markers such as Bax and Bcl-xl, as well as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related markers such as eIF2α and CHOP were investigated by Western blot assay. The results revealed that TCS, and BPA induced anti-apoptosis by reducing ROS production and ER stress. However, Kaem and DIM effectively inhibited TCS and BPA-induced anti-apoptotic processes in VM7Luc4E2 cells. Overall, TCS and BPA were revealed to be distinct xenoestrogens that enhanced proliferation and anti-apoptosis, while Kaem and DIM were identified as natural chemopreventive compounds that effectively inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation and increased anti-apoptosis induced by TCS and BPA.

Effect on adhesion of a nanocapsules-loaded adhesive system

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the in situ degree of conversion, contact angle, and immediate and long-term bond strengths of a commercial primer and an experimental adhesive containing indomethacin- and triclosan-loaded nanocapsules (NCs). The indomethacin- and triclosan-loaded NCs, which promote anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects through controlled release, were incorporated into the primer at a concentration of 2% and in the adhesive at concentrations of 1, 2, 5, and 10%. The in situ degree of conversion (DC, n=3) was evaluated by micro-Raman spectroscopy. The contact angle of the primer and adhesive on the dentin surface (n = 3) was determined by an optical tensiometer. For the microtensile bond strength µTBS test (12 teeth per group), stick-shaped specimens were tested under tensile stress immediately after preparation and after storage in water for 1 year. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, three-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests with α=0.05. The use of the NC-loaded adhesive resulted in a higher in situ degree of conversion. The DC values varied from 75.07 ± 8.83% to 96.18 ± 0.87%. The use of NCs in only the adhesive up to a concentration of 5% had no influence on the bond strength. The contact angle of the primer remained the same with and without NCs. The use of both the primer and adhesive with NCs (for all concentrations) resulted in a higher contact angle of the adhesive. The longitudinal μTBS was inversely proportional to the concentration of NCs in the adhesive system, exhibiting decreasing values for the groups with primer containing NCs and adhesives with increasing concentrations of NCs. Adhesives containing up to 5% of nanocapsules and primer with no NCs maintained the in situ degree of conversion, contact angle, and immediate and long-term bond strengths. Therefore, the NC-loaded adhesive can be an alternative method for combining the bond performance and therapeutic effects. The use of an adhesive with up to 5% nanocapsules containing indomethacin and triclosan and a primer with no nanocapsules maintained the long-term bond performance.

Determinación preliminar de triclosán por espectroscopia UV-Vis en aguas residuales de la ciudad de Guatemala / Preliminary determination of triclosan by UV-Vis spectroscopy in wastewater from Guatemala city

Estimar el grado de remoción de contaminantes emergentes en el proceso de tratamiento de aguas residuales es de importancia para evaluar la efectividad de las técnicas empleadas en la actualidad. El triclosán (TCS) es un agente antimicrobiano sintético de amplio espectro, estudios recientes sugieren que presenta elevado potencial como interruptor endocrino. Se determinó la concentración de TCS en cuatro muestras de aguas residuales obtenidas en diferentes etapas del proceso de tratamiento de aguas en la Planta Piloto para el Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales Ingeniero Arturo Pazos Sosa (IAPS). Las muestras de agua fueron filtradas en membrana, tratadas por adición de TCS estándar y formación de un compuesto complejo coloreado amarillo-café cuya absorbancia a 475 nm fue registrada en un espectrofotómetro Cary® 50 UV-Vis. Se identificó la presencia de TCS en concentraciones por arriba de 200 µg/L en tres diferentes etapas del tratamiento de aguas residuales en la planta piloto IAPS lo que permitió concluir que el grado de remoción de TCS en esta planta de tratamiento de aguas osciló entre 31 y 95% dependiendo de la etapa de tratamiento, sin embargo el agua del efluente de la planta no puede considerarse como potable ya que la concentración de TCS determinada en este estudio sobrepasa por al menos un orden de magnitud de diez los niveles a los cuales no se han reportado efectos adversos hacia organismos vivos.

Estimating the degree of contaminants' removal during wastewater treatment is important to evaluate the effectiveness of the current treatment techniques. Triclosan (TCS) is a synthetic broad spectrum antimicrobial agent and recent investigations suggest that this compound has high potential as endocrine disruptor. The concentration of TCS was measured in four wastewater samples obtained at different processing steps at the Ingeniero Arturo Pazos Sosa (IAPS) pilot plant. The wastewater samples were treated by membrane filtration, standard addition of TCS and the subsequent formation of a brown-yellow colored complex, whose absorbance at 475nm was measured in a Cary 50® UV-Vis spectrophotometer. TCS was found at concentrations over 200 µg/L in three different phases of the wastewater treatment at the IAPS plant. In conclusion, the degree of TCS removal in this plant was between 31 and 95% depending on the treatment stage. However plant effluent cannot be considered potable since the TCS concentration found in this study is at least ten times higher than those at which adverse effects to living organisms have not been detected.

Antifungal activity of synthetic antiseptics and natural compounds against Candida dubliniensis before and after in vitro fluconazole exposure

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated the susceptibilities of oral candidiasis-derived Candida albicans, fluconazole-resistant (FR) Candida dubliniensis, and fluconazole-susceptible (FS) C. dubliniensis to synthetic antiseptics [chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), and triclosan (TRC)] and natural compounds (carvacrol, eugenol and thymol). METHODS: Susceptibility tests were performed based on the M27-A3 reference method. The fluconazole-resistant C. dubliniensis strains were obtained after prolonged in vitro exposure to increasing fluconazole concentrations. The geometric mean values for minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum fungicidal concentrations were compared among the groups. RESULTS: Fluconazole-susceptible C. dubliniensis was more sensitive to CPC and TRC than FR C. dubliniensis and C. albicans were. However, eugenol and thymol were more active against FR C. dubliniensis. The fungicidal activities of CHX and TRC were similar for the three groups, and FR C. dubliniensis and C. albicans had similar sensitivities to CPC. CONCLUSIONS: The resistance of C. dubliniensis to fluconazole affects its sensitivity the synthetic antiseptics and natural compounds that were tested.

Comparison of two commercial dentifrices in the reduction of gingivitis and plaque: a pilot study / Comparação de dois dentífricos comerciais na redução da gengivite e da placa bacteriana: um ensaio clínico randomizado controlado

Objectives: Chlorhexidine (CHX) and triclosan are the most used chemical agents in dentistry. However, the combination of these products has never been tested. We hypothesize that the addition of CHX to a triclosan dentifrice formulation may offer additional benefits in the reduction of plaque and gingivitis. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare a commercial dentifrice containing 0.05% chlorhexidine and 0.3% triclosan, with conventional toothpaste containing 0.3% triclosan, in the treatment of gingivitis and plaque reduction. Material and Methods: Thirty volunteers were randomly assigned to receive a dentifrice containing 0.05% CHX and 0.3% triclosan (CHX/ triclosan group) or a dentifrice containing basically 0.3% triclosan (Triclosan group). Subjects received clinical evaluation such as gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI) at baseline, 30 and 60 days. Results: After 60 days, both treatments led to a significant improvement in GI and PI. There was no significant difference between groups as regards change in GI and PI (p>0.05). Conclusion: The combination of 0.05% CHX with 0.3% triclosan did not offer further benefits to gingival inflammation and plaque control when compared with a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan. (AU)

Objetivos: Clorexidina e triclosan são os agentes químicos mais utilizados em odontologia. No entanto, a combinação desses produtos nunca foi testada. Nós levantamos a hipótese de que a adição de clorexidina a um dentifrício contendo triclosan pode oferecer benefícios adicionais na redução de placa e gengivite. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar um dentífrico comercial contendo 0,05% de clorhexidina e 0,3% de triclosan, com creme dental convencional contendo 0,3% de triclosan, no tratamento de gengivite e redução da placa. Material e Métodos: trinta voluntários foram distribuídos aleatoriamente para receber um dentifrício contendo 0,05% de clorexidina e 0,3% de triclosan ou um dentifrício contendo basicamente 0,3% de triclosan. Os indivíduos receberam avaliação clínica de índice gengival (IG) e índice de placa (IP) nos tempos 0, 30 e 60 dias. Resultados: após 60 dias, ambos os tratamentos levaram a uma melhora significativa no IG e IP. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos no que se refere à mudança no IG e IP (p> 0,05). Conclusão: A combinação de 0,05% de Clorexidina com 0,3% de triclosan não ofereceu benefícios adicionais para a redução de inflamação gengival e o controle da placa quando comparado com um dentifrício contendo 0,3% de triclosan (AU)

Antiseptics and microcosm biofilm formation on titanium surfaces

Abstract Oral rehabilitation with osseointegrated implants is a way to restore esthetics and masticatory function in edentulous patients, but bacterial colonization around the implants may lead to mucositis or peri-implantitis and consequent implant loss. Peri-implantitis is the main complication of oral rehabilitation with dental implants and, therefore, it is necessary to take into account the potential effects of antiseptics such as chlorhexidine (CHX), chloramine T (CHT), triclosan (TRI), and essential oils (EO) on bacterial adhesion and on biofilm formation. To assess the action of these substances, we used the microcosm technique, in which the oral environment and periodontal conditions are simulated in vitro on titanium discs with different surface treatments (smooth surface - SS, acid-etched smooth surface - AESS, sand-blasted surface - SBS, and sand-blasted and acid-etched surface - SBAES). Roughness measurements yielded the following results: SS: 0.47 µm, AESS: 0.43 µm, SB: 0.79 µm, and SBAES: 0.72 µm. There was statistical difference only between SBS and AESS. There was no statistical difference among antiseptic treatments. However, EO and CHT showed lower bacterial counts compared with the saline solution treatment (control group). Thus, the current gold standard (CHX) did not outperform CHT and EO, which were efficient in reducing the biofilm biomass compared with saline solution.

Advances on research of human exposure to triclosan / 中华预防医学杂志

Triclosan, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, was reported to have been widely detected in various human biological samples such as urine, blood and human milk among foreign populations. In China, limited reports have been found on human exposure to triclosan, and the reported urinary triclosan concentrations were significantly lower than that of American populations. Besides, the potential influencing factors still remain unclear regarding human exposure to triclosan, but evidences suggest that those in middle age and with higher household income and higher social class tend to have higher urinary triclosan concentrations. Furthermore, triclosan exposure tend to differ by sex, geography, heredity, metabolism and life style.

Effects of Triclosan on Neural Stem Cell Viability and Survival

Triclosan is an antimicrobial or sanitizing agent used in personal care and household products such as toothpaste, soaps, mouthwashes and kitchen utensils. There are increasing evidence of the potentially harmful effects of triclosan in many systemic and cellular processes of the body. In this study, we investigated the effects of triclosan in the survivability of cultured rat neural stem cells (NSCs). Cortical cells from embryonic day 14 rat embryos were isolated and cultured in vitro. After stabilizing the culture, triclosan was introduced to the cells with concentrations ranging from 1 muM to 50 muM and in varied time periods. Thereafter, cell viability parameters were measured using MTT assay and PI staining. TCS decreased the cell viability of treated NSC in a concentration-dependent manner along with increased expressions of apoptotic markers, cleaved caspase-3 and Bax, while reduced expression of Bcl2. To explore the mechanisms underlying the effects of TCS in NSC, we measured the activation of MAPKs and intracellular ROS. TCS at 50 muM induced the activations of both p38 and JNK, which may adversely affect cell survival. In contrast, the activities of ERK, Akt and PI3K, which are positively correlated with cell survival, were inhibited. Moreover, TCS at this concentration augmented the ROS generation in treated NSC and depleted the glutathione activity. Taken together, these results suggest that TCS can induce neurodegenerative effects in developing rat brains through mechanisms involving ROS activation and apoptosis initiation.

Eficacia del uso concomitante de dentífrico con Triclosán a 0.3 por ciento y copolímero PVM/MA a 2.0 por ciento, enjuague bucal a base de cloruro de cetilpiridinio a 0.05 por ciento y terapia de raspado/alisado radicular en pacientes con gingivitis / Efficacy of concomitant use of dentifrice with 0.3 per cent Triclosan and 2.0 per cent PVM/MA copolymer, 0.05 per cent cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinse and scaling/root planning therapy in patients with gingivitis

Introducción: La placa dentobacteriana es el principal factor etiológico en el desarrollo y progresión de la gingivitis. Comúnmente se han sugerido productos de cuidado oral como cremas dentales y/o enjuagues bucales como adyuvante en la terapia mecánica. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia del uso combinado de un dentífrico a base de Triclosán a 0.3 por ciento y copolímero PVM/MA a 2.0 por ciento (Colgate Total 12®) y enjuague bucal a base de cloruro de cetilpiridinio a 0.05 por ciento (Colgate Plax®) en pacientes con gingivitis marginal crónica después de una terapia de raspado y alisado radicular comparado con un grupo control. Material y métodos: Se realizó un ensayo clínico controlado, aleatorizado y doble ciego en 50 pacientes sanos con diagnóstico sistemático de gingivitis marginal crónica. Se dividieron en grupo A experimental y grupo B control. Se evaluó índice gingival de Lõe y Silness e índice de placa de Quigley Hein modifi cado por Turesky al inicio y al fi nal del estudio; el periodo de estudio fue de seis semanas. Al inicio se realizó a cada paciente tratamiento de raspado y alisado radicular y se le instruyó sobre el uso correcto de los productos. Al concluir la sexta semana se tomaron mediciones finales bajo las mismas condiciones que las iniciales...

Introduction:Dental plaque is considered to be the main etiological factor in the development and progression of gingivitis. Oral care products such as toothpaste and mouthwash have commonly been rec-ommended as an adjunct to mechanical periodontal therapy. Objective:To evaluate the effi cacy of using a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan and 2.0% PVM/MA copolymer (Colgate Total 12®) in combination with a 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash (Colgate Plax®) in patients with chronic marginal gingivitis following scaling and root-planing therapy compared to a control group. Material and methods:A randomized double-blind controlled clinical study was performed on 50 systemically healthy patients diagnosed with chronic marginal gingivitis. These were divided into two groups: A (experimental) and B (control). The Lõe and Silness gingival index and the Turesky modifi ca-tion of the Quigley-Hein plaque index were recorded at baseline and after 6 weeks (the duration of the study). Patients were treated with scaling and root-planning, and all received instructions on the proper use of the oral care products. Final measurements were taken at the end of the six-week assessment under the same conditions as those at the time of the baseline assessment...